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D-Gluconic acid

CASRN#

526-95-4, 19222-41-4, 133-42-6

INCI Name

GLUCONIC ACID

Alternate Names

Gluconic acid; Dextronic acid; Maltonic acid; Glycogenic acid; Gluconate

Common Trade Names

Molecular Weight

196.16 g/mol

Functional Uses

chelating agent; processing aid; humectant

Common Impurities

Is this a VOC?

Is this an exempt VOC?

Vapor Pressure

42.6 mm Hg

Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)

-1.9

Solubility at 25 C

4276288 mg/l

Boiling Point

125 °C

Particle size range as aerodynamic diameter

- - - μm

Hazard Summary

C2C Chemical Rating

c/b

GHS Health

H320

GHS Enviro

None

Assessed by

U.S. EPA Low Priority Chemical report.

Assessment Date

Jul 10, 2020

Assessment Expires

Jul 10, 2025

Verification Status

verified

Executive Summary

D-Gluconic acid is a water-soluble organic acid that belongs to the hydroxycarboxylic acid family. DGluconic acid is an oxidation product of glucose that occurs widely in nature, and is present in fruit, wine, honey, and other natural sources. The chemical structure of D-gluconic acid of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl (-OH) groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group. The close proximity of the oxygen atoms within the chemical structure lends to its function as a highly efficient chelating agent. Chelating agents bind to positively charged metal ions in solution and thereby prevent them from forming insoluble precipitates with other ions that may be present. D-Gluconic acid functions as a chelating agent over a wide pH range. It is efficient in forming stable chelates with divalent and trivalent metal ions such as calcium, copper, iron, aluminum, and other metals, reducing the adverse effects these metals can have on systems. D-Gluconic acid also acts as a humectant, which means that it attracts water and increases hydration in products. D-Gluconic acid is used as a high performing chelating agent, processing aid, and humectant in a variety of applications and product sectors. NOTE: The data provided in this assessment came primarily from the US EPA final designation report, Supporting Information for Low-Priority Substance D-Gluconic acid (Gluconic Acid) (https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2019-0108-0009). According to US EPA, “low-priority substance designations give the public notice of chemical substances for which the hazard and/or exposure potential is anticipated to be low or nonexistent and provides some insight into which chemical substances are likely not to need additional evaluation and risk management under TSCA.”

Hazard Tables

How to read the GHS Hazard Summary Table

	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Reproductive Toxicity	Developmental Toxicity	Acute Toxicity	STOT-Single	STOT-Repeated	STOT- Neurotoxicity-Single	STOT- Neurotoxicity-Repeated	Skin Sensitizer	Respiratory Sensitizer	Skin Corrosion/Irritation	Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation	Acute Aquatic Toxicity	Chronic Aquatic Toxicity	Ozone Depletion
Oral Dermal Inhalation	NC Rationale Available data is insufficient for GHS classification: D-Gluconic acid’s endogenous nature, transformation profile, lack of structural alerts in the parent chemical substance, and experimental genotoxicity studies provide sufficient information to indicate that this chemical has low concern for carcinogenicity. NC Rationale Available data is insufficient for GHS classification: D-Gluconic acid’s endogenous nature, transformation profile, lack of structural alerts in the parent chemical substance, and experimental genotoxicity studies provide sufficient information to indicate that this chemical has low concern for carcinogenicity. NC Rationale Available data is insufficient for GHS classification: D-Gluconic acid’s endogenous nature, transformation profile, lack of structural alerts in the parent chemical substance, and experimental genotoxicity studies provide sufficient information to indicate that this chemical has low concern for carcinogenicity.	NC Rationale Multiple studies provide sufficient evidence to indicate low concern for genotoxicity.	NC Rationale Lower confidence due to use of combined repeat dose, reproductive, developmental toxicity study and use of analog. No reproductive effects were observed in an OECD 422 study on an analog which provides sufficient evidence to indicate low concern for reproductive toxicity. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale Multiple studies on analogs provide sufficient evidence to indicate low concern for developmental toxicity. Lower confidence due to analogs. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale Multiple studies from analogs provide sufficient evidence to indicate a low concern for acute oral toxicity. Lower confidence due to analogs. NC Rationale This study provides sufficient evidence to indicate a low concern for acute dermal toxicity. CNP Rationale Data not available.	CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale Multiple studies from analogs provide sufficient evidence to indicate a low concern for repeated dose oral toxicity. Lower confidence due to analogs. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale Multiple studies on analogs provide sufficient evidence to indicate low concern for neurotoxicity from oral exposure. Lower confidence due to analogs. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale Multiple studies on analogs provide sufficient evidence to indicate low concern for neurotoxicity from oral exposure. Lower confidence due to analogs. CNP Rationale Data not available. CNP Rationale Data not available.	NC Rationale An OECD Guideline 429 study provides sufficient information to indicate low concern for skin sensitization.	NC Rationale No structural alerts identified for respiratory sensitization. Lower confidence because a lack of structural alerts is insufficient for establishing a GHS classification.	NC Rationale Multiple studies provide sufficient evidence to indicate low concer for skin irritation.	Cat 2B Rationale Multiple studies provides sufficient evidence to indicate moderate concern for eye irritation.	NC Rationale Analog data on algae provides sufficient information to indicate low concern for acute exposure. Lower confidence due to analog data.	NC Rationale Predicted toxicity values from modelling provide sufficient evidence to indicate a low concern for chronic exposure to aquatic vertebrates.	NC Rationale Chemical is not on Montreal Protocol or IPCC List.

Other

Explosives: Not classified
Flammable Gases: Not classified
Aerosols: Not classified
Oxidizing Gases: Not classified
Flammable Liquids: Not classified
Flammable Solids: Not classified
Self-reactive substances and mixtures: Not classified
Pyrophoric Liquids: Not classified
Pyrophoric Solids: Not classified
Self-heating Substances and Mixtures: Not classified
Substances and Mixtures which in contact with water, emit flammable gases: Not classified
Oxidizing Liquids: Not classified
Oxidizing Solids: Not classified
Organic Peroxides: Not classified
Corrosive to Metals: Not classified
Desensitized Explosives: Not classified
Lactation Toxicity: Classification not possible (Data gap or insufficient data)
Aspiration: Classification not possible (Data gap or insufficient data)

How to read the C2CC Hazard Summary Table

Human Health											Environmental							Other
	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Reproductive & Developmental Toxicity	Endocrine Activity / Disruption	Oral Toxicity	Dermal Toxicity	Inhalation Toxicity	Neurotoxicity	Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Corrosion/Irritation	Sensitization of Skin and Airways	Fish Toxicity	Daphnia Toxicity	Algae Toxicity	Terrestrial Toxicity	Persistence	Bioaccumulation	Climatic Relevance	Other (Human Health)	Organohalogens	Toxic Metals	Other (Environmental Health)
Oral Dermal Inhalation	- - -	G	G - -	- Rationale Data not available.	G	G	-	G - -	Y	G	G	G	G	-	G Rationale Studies on analogs provide sufficient evidence of low concern for persistence. Lower confidence due to analog data.	G Rationale Based on the estimated bioaccumulation factor (BAF) value of 0.9 using the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite models, EPA has sufficient information that D-gluconic acid has low potential for bioaccumulation in the environment based on the low concern benchmark of less than 1000.	Y	G Rationale No additional data available.	G	G	G Rationale No additional data available.

The Cradle to Cradle Material Health Assessment Methodology assigns hazard ratings to 24 individual human and environmental health endpoints. The system is largely based on GHS with the addition of endpoints including but not limited to Persistence, Bioaccumulation Potential and Endocrine Activity/Disruption. The possible C2C Chemical Ratings that can result from ChemForward’s simplified C2C chemical rating logic are:

C2C Chemical Rating	Color	Short Definition	Rules Summary
a	green	preferred in all applications	Chemical has no YELLOW or RED hazards or Cancer data gaps.
b	green	preferred in all applications	Chemical has no YELLOW hazards but lacks long-term cancer studies.
c/b	yellow/ green	acceptable in all applications	Chemical has one or more YELLOW risk flags before considering application. Applications where exposure is possible would result in a ‘c’ rating. Applications where exposure is unlikely or expected to be negligible would result in a ‘b’ rating.
grey/c	grey/ yellow	insufficient information available	Chemical has one or more GREY risk flags before considering application. Applications where exposure is possible would result in a ‘grey’ rating. Applications where exposure is unlikely or expected to be negligible would result in a ‘c’ rating.
x/c	red/ yellow	may be acceptable or problematic depending on application	Chemical has one or more RED risk flags before considering application. Applications where exposure is possible would result in a ‘x’ rating. Applications where exposure is unlikely or expected to be negligible would result in a ‘c’ rating.
N/A	red	problematic in all applications	Chemical is on a regulatory concern list, is climatically active, and/or is an organohalogen.
x-PBT	red	problematic in all applications	Chemical has a RED hazard for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and another endpoint.
N/A	red	problematic in all applications	Chemical is a toxic metal, all of which have a RED hazard for Cancer, Mutagenicity, or Reproductive toxicity.
N/A	red	problematic in all applications	Chemical is on a regulatory concern list and has a RED hazard for Cancer, Mutagenicity, or Reproductive toxicity.
N/A	purple	banned in all applications	Chemical is on the C2C Certified banned list.

D-Gluconic acid

Hazard Summary

Hazard Tables

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C2C Chemical Ratings

GHS

Verification Status

How to read the GHS Hazard Summary Table

How to read the C2CC Hazard Summary Table